Steps for complete communication process

The Communication Process<br /><br />The TCP/IP model describes the functionality of the protocols that make up the TCP/IP protocol suite. These protocols, which are implemented on both the sending and receiving hosts, interact to provide end-to-end delivery of applications over a network.<br /><b><br />A complete communication process includes these steps:</b><br /><br />1. Creation of data at the Application layer of the originating source end device<br /><br />2. Segmentation and encapsulation of data as it passes down the protocol stack in the source end device <br /><br />3. Generation of the data onto the media at the Network Access layer of the stack<br /><br />4. Transportation of the data through the internetwork, which consists of media and any intermediary devices<br /><br />5. Reception of the data at the Network Access layer of the destination end device <br /><br />6. Decapsulation and reassembly of the data as it passes up the stack in the destination device <br /><br />7. Passing this data to the destination application at the Application layer of the destination end device<br /><br />See the diagram below<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrCCQ_bfAKrfVZPl5JgBaox4NUIW1MNNL4E7LNpSaFXnXeOaelU_Bpdai0Pd9u-tJhy2Eoe-n-hNK6DptYTChwtSxYtdcc9vhPrwZIJAdAkwgREyaw1_ZsTZ9zUGleyF-LydicEdiCtYw2/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrCCQ_bfAKrfVZPl5JgBaox4NUIW1MNNL4E7LNpSaFXnXeOaelU_Bpdai0Pd9u-tJhy2Eoe-n-hNK6DptYTChwtSxYtdcc9vhPrwZIJAdAkwgREyaw1_ZsTZ9zUGleyF-LydicEdiCtYw2/s1600/Capture.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br />

Networking Steps for complete communication process

The Communication ProcessThe TCP/IP model describes the functionality of the protocols that make up the TCP/IP protocol suite. These protocols, which are implemented on both the sending and receiving hosts, interact to provide end-to-end delivery of …

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The TCP/IP Model

The TCP/IP Model<br /><br />The first layered protocol model for internetwork communications was created in the early 1970s and is referred to as the Internet model. It defines four categories of functions that must occur for communications to be successful. The architecture of the TCP/IP protocol suite follows the structure of this model. Because of this, the Internet model is commonly referred to as the TCP/IP model. <br /><br />Most protocol models describe a vendor-specific protocol stack. However, since the TCP/IP model is an open standard, one company does not control the definition of the model. The definitions of the standard and the TCP/IP protocols are discussed in a public forum and defined in a publicly-available set of documents. These documents are called Requests for Comments (RFCs). They contain both the formal specification of data communications protocols and resources that describe the use of the protocols. <br /><br />The RFCs also contain technical and organizational documents about the Internet, including the technical specifications and policy documents produced by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).<br /><br /><br />Diagram for TCP/IP Model<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiywRgdRfKhUTgWytcdjuKSY6-Wu9KbovEPdrXqFH_zWKbOL9uePn8U4upuMvmVI5CgjOOJZO_okuBw7Bc1vFs3pvMYE0yNzeMuequ9JXYHERInYtm8Vef7U_KHOgDDQPQaiFTFUAedLS4t/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiywRgdRfKhUTgWytcdjuKSY6-Wu9KbovEPdrXqFH_zWKbOL9uePn8U4upuMvmVI5CgjOOJZO_okuBw7Bc1vFs3pvMYE0yNzeMuequ9JXYHERInYtm8Vef7U_KHOgDDQPQaiFTFUAedLS4t/s1600/Capture.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br />

Networking The TCP/IP Model

The TCP/IP ModelThe first layered protocol model for internetwork communications was created in the early 1970s and is referred to as the Internet model. It defines four categories of functions that must occur for communications to be successful. The…

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The Benefit of Using a Layered Model

<b>The Benefit of Using a Layered Model</b><br /><br />To visualize the interaction between various protocols, it is common to use a layered model. A layered model depicts the operation of the protocols occurring within each layer, as well as the interaction with the layers above and below it.<br /><br />There are benefits to using a layered model to describe network protocols and operations. Using a layered model:<br /><ul><li>Assists in protocol design, because protocols that operate at a specific layer have defined information that they act upon and a defined interface to the layers above and below. </li><li>Fosters competition because products from different vendors can work together. </li><li>Prevents technology or capability changes in one layer from affecting other layers above and below. </li><li>Provides a common language to describe networking functions and capabilities. </li></ul>Diagram below OSI and TCP/IP Layered model<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg8YlItNl-2yJr95whDizBf4jOqcVH8b6XHfAWadbXJBDAPSVkpEs_br35NVI7qh6knmx5V47cZ9zauhzp2pYShZclFVnBXDsTwzRclYYI7ahtmCFhNkvHv9gadICcMKVcTOytltgvxe6d/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg8YlItNl-2yJr95whDizBf4jOqcVH8b6XHfAWadbXJBDAPSVkpEs_br35NVI7qh6knmx5V47cZ9zauhzp2pYShZclFVnBXDsTwzRclYYI7ahtmCFhNkvHv9gadICcMKVcTOytltgvxe6d/s1600/Capture.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br />

Networking The Benefit of Using a Layered Model

The Benefit of Using a Layered ModelTo visualize the interaction between various protocols, it is common to use a layered model. A layered model depicts the operation of the protocols occurring within each layer, as well as the interaction with the l…

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The Interaction of Protocols

<b>The Interaction of Protocols</b><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheqrRM_RCVwqLlfBDaD6EPF40q6vJHrZZviQ0yXscJv0YUu046aHi7uSeGdVxDYqX_ixOCPcbX8Yprg-arFVZfygp6nRp627yXwRjajCZbUExYv0BVUpx6o5ZnHjsgVYI0duyUC1_XJyUD/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheqrRM_RCVwqLlfBDaD6EPF40q6vJHrZZviQ0yXscJv0YUu046aHi7uSeGdVxDYqX_ixOCPcbX8Yprg-arFVZfygp6nRp627yXwRjajCZbUExYv0BVUpx6o5ZnHjsgVYI0duyUC1_XJyUD/s1600/Capture.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br />An example of the use of a protocol suite in network communications is the interaction between a web server and a web browser. This interaction uses a number of protocols and standards in the process of exchanging information between them. The different protocols work together to ensure that the messages are received and understood by both parties. Examples of these protocols are:<br /><br /><b>Application Protocol:</b><br /><br /><b>Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP</b>) is a common protocol that governs the way that a web server and a web client interact. HTTP defines the content and formatting of the requests and responses exchanged between the client and server. Both the client and the web server software implement HTTP as part of the application. The HTTP protocol relies on other protocols to govern how the messages are transported between client and server<br /><br /><b>Transport Protocol: </b><br /><br /><b>Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)</b> is the transport protocol that manages the individual conversations between web servers and web clients. TCP divides the HTTP messages into smaller pieces, called segments, to be sent to the destination client. It is also responsible for controlling the size and rate at which messages are exchanged between the server and the client. <br /><b><br />Internetwork Protocol: </b><br /><br />The most common internetwork protocol is<b> Internet Protocol (IP)</b>. IP is responsible for taking the formatted segments from TCP, encapsulating them into packets, assigning the appropriate addresses, and selecting the best path to the destination host.<br /><b><br />Network Access Protocols:</b><br /><br />Network access protocols describe two primary functions, data link management and the physical transmission of data on the media. Data-link management protocols take the packets from IP and format them to be transmitted over the media. The standards and protocols for the physical media govern how the signals are sent over the media and how they are interpreted by the receiving clients. Transceivers on the network interface cards implement the appropriate standards for the media that is being used.<br /><br />

Networking The Interaction of Protocols

The Interaction of ProtocolsAn example of the use of a protocol suite in network communications is the interaction between a web server and a web browser. This interaction uses a number of protocols and standards in the process of exchanging informat…

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Rules that Govern Communications

<b>Rules that Govern Communications</b><br /><br />All communication, whether face-to-face or over a network, is governed by predetermined rules called protocols. These protocols are specific to the characteristics of the conversation. In our day-to-day personal communication, the rules we use to communicate over one medium, like a telephone call, are not necessarily the same as the protocols for using another medium, such as sending a letter.<br /><br />Think of how many different rules or protocols govern all the different methods of communication that exist in the world today. <br /><br />Successful communication between hosts on a network requires the interaction of many different protocols. A group of inter-related protocols that are necessary to perform a communication function is called a<b> protocol suite</b>. These protocols are implemented in software and hardware that is loaded on each host and network device.<br /><br />One of the best ways to visualize how all of the protocols interact on a particular host is to view it as a stack. A protocol stack shows how the individual protocols within the suite are implemented on the host. The protocols are viewed as a layered hierarchy, with each higher level service depending on the functionality defined by the protocols shown in the lower levels. The lower layers of the stack are concerned with moving data over the network and providing services to the upper layers, which are focused on the content of the message being sent and the user interface.<br /><br /><b>Using layers to describe face-to-face communication</b><br /><br />For example, consider two people communicating face-to-face. As the figure shows, we can use three layers to describe this activity. At the bottom layer, the Physical layer, we have two people, each with a voice that can utter words aloud. At the second layer, the Rules layer, we have an agreement to speak in a common language. At the top layer, the Content layer, we have the words actually spoken-the content of the communication.<br /><br />Were we to witness this conversation, we would not actually see "layers" floating in space. It is important to understand that the use of layers is a model and, as such, it provides a way to conveniently break a complex task into parts and describe how they work.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnGcRBTQsxzTYmUXBWHtFaxZHZGnJ0u5o-1dgG6VU3ZEbKZgSMzsk88FqkqT6cUa_7GYnTyyrbBZadE4oz9854fSKUtlCUvFONwSRFyY9MkHnuX1LW7XRqZLsWUDYHlK4Rag4O_NlS9Flq/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnGcRBTQsxzTYmUXBWHtFaxZHZGnJ0u5o-1dgG6VU3ZEbKZgSMzsk88FqkqT6cUa_7GYnTyyrbBZadE4oz9854fSKUtlCUvFONwSRFyY9MkHnuX1LW7XRqZLsWUDYHlK4Rag4O_NlS9Flq/s1600/Capture.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><b><br />Network Protocols</b><br /><br />At the human level, some communication rules are formal and others are simply understood, or implicit, based on custom and practice. For devices to successfully communicate, a network protocol suite must describe precise requirements and interactions. <br /><br />Networking protocol suites describe processes such as:<br /><ul><li>The format or structure of the message</li><li>The method by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks</li><li>How and when error and system messages are passed between devices</li><li>The setup and termination of data transfer sessions</li></ul><br />Individual protocols in a protocol suite may be vendor-specific and proprietary. Proprietary, in this context, means that one company or vendor controls the definition of the protocol and how it functions. Some proprietary protocols can be used by different organizations with permission from the owner. Others can only be implemented on equipment manufactured by the proprietary vendor.<br /><br />

Networking Rules that Govern Communications

Rules that Govern CommunicationsAll communication, whether face-to-face or over a network, is governed by predetermined rules called protocols. These protocols are specific to the characteristics of the conversation. In our day-to-day personal commun…

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LANs,WANs, and Internetworks

<b>LANs,WANs, and Internetworks</b><br /><br /><b>Local Area Networks</b><br /><br />Networks infrastructures can vary greatly in terms of:<br /><ul><li>The size of the area covered</li><li>The number of users connected</li><li>The number and types of services available</li></ul><br />An individual network usually spans a single geographical area, providing services and applications to people within a common organizational structure, such as a single business, campus or region. This type of network is called a<b> Local Area Network</b> (LAN). A LAN is usually administered by a single organization. The administrative control that governs the security and access control policies are enforced on the network level. <br /><br />figure below demonstrate LAN architecture<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj76oe38xHe6NtqpRSwl7usZrD_yQsHoglVpouzea-OubTJP6g6gOYtiWh3YElVY_o15EvAq0MwlXL-xG2a7-AuIwWt8v1j5Z_m5-iVnWhx3ZJ7z8r7QhKJbkORnQjI1wxXUe0JD5flSRYx/s1600/lan.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj76oe38xHe6NtqpRSwl7usZrD_yQsHoglVpouzea-OubTJP6g6gOYtiWh3YElVY_o15EvAq0MwlXL-xG2a7-AuIwWt8v1j5Z_m5-iVnWhx3ZJ7z8r7QhKJbkORnQjI1wxXUe0JD5flSRYx/s320/lan.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><b>Wide Area Network</b><br /><br />When a company or organization has locations that are separated by large geographical distances, it may be necessary to use a telecommunications service provider (TSP) to interconnect the LANs at the different locations. Telecommunications service providers operate large regional networks that can span long distances. Traditionally, TSPs transported voice and data communications on separate networks. Increasingly, these providers are offering converged information network services to their subscribers. <br /><br />Individual organizations usually lease connections through a telecommunications service provider network. These networks that connect LANs in geographically separated locations are referred to as Wide Area Networks (WANs). Although the organization maintains all of the policies and administration of the LANs at both ends of the connection, the policies within the communications service provider network are controlled by the TSP. <br /><br />WANs use specifically designed network devices to make the interconnections between LANs. Because of the importance of these devices to the network, configuring, installing and maintaining these devices are skills that are integral to the function of an organization's network.<br /><br />LANs and WANs are very useful to individual organizations. They connect the users within the organization. They allow many forms of communication including exchange e-mails, corporate training, and other resource sharing.<br /><br />figure below demonstrate WAN architecture<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5XT1Tv3062uKf71_VTxuoKYPzDuorEZF9QMvRyyhFYDVbHBLkj3AvxJBdsPhgWuDmpbUxK_10ZUHpBJB9gp6jbKM0Fgdasx5InktB7spqSsE3njJftps5FLz-tmpQ_dfBTFz5EwnvPjfV/s1600/wan.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5XT1Tv3062uKf71_VTxuoKYPzDuorEZF9QMvRyyhFYDVbHBLkj3AvxJBdsPhgWuDmpbUxK_10ZUHpBJB9gp6jbKM0Fgdasx5InktB7spqSsE3njJftps5FLz-tmpQ_dfBTFz5EwnvPjfV/s320/wan.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br />The Internet-A Network of Networks<br />Although there are benefits to using a LAN or WAN, most of us need to communicate with a resource on another network, outside of our local organization.<br /><br />Examples of this type of communication include:<br /><ul><li>Sending an e-mail to a friend in another country</li><li>Accessing news or products on a website </li><li>Getting a file from a neighbor's computer </li><li>Instant messaging with a relative in another city </li><li>Following a favorite sporting team's performance on a cell phone</li></ul><br /><b>Internetwork</b><br /><br />A global mesh of interconnected networks (internetworks) meets these human communication needs. Some of these interconnected networks are owned by large public and private organizations, such as government agencies or industrial enterprises, and are reserved for their exclusive use. The most well-known and widely used publicly-accessible internetwork is the Internet. <br /><br />The Internet is created by the interconnection of networks belonging to Internet Service Providers (ISPs). These ISP networks connect to each other to provide access for millions of users all over the world. Ensuring effective communication across this diverse infrastructure requires the application of consistent and commonly recognized technologies and protocols as well as the cooperation of many network administration agencies.<br /><b><br />Intranet</b><br /><br />The term intranet is often used to refer to a private connection of LANs and WANs that belongs to an organization, and is designed to be accessible only by the organization's members, employees, or others with authorization.<br /><br />Note: The following terms may be interchangeable: internetwork, data network, and network. A connection of two or more data networks forms an internetwork - a network of networks. It is also common to refer to an internetwork as a data network - or simply as a network - when considering communications at a high level. The usage of terms depends on the context at the time and terms may often be interchanged.<br /><br />figure below demonstrate Internet architecture<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1yeKAVUdwuBXzgn5243VAy2Z_-D8GAPL0Xb3BoEaOGTR0eSvHf7FL9ctWVqoBNZ-WgqDGhM0XAQsiMqp2ifDhjtiPzvypE5wi8a_TsFcTnfZ5zRg03mkHJVTNPOtcFOhyphenhyphen5jRnrz-IiRim/s1600/internet.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1yeKAVUdwuBXzgn5243VAy2Z_-D8GAPL0Xb3BoEaOGTR0eSvHf7FL9ctWVqoBNZ-WgqDGhM0XAQsiMqp2ifDhjtiPzvypE5wi8a_TsFcTnfZ5zRg03mkHJVTNPOtcFOhyphenhyphen5jRnrz-IiRim/s320/internet.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br />

Networking LANs,WANs, and Internetworks

LANs,WANs, and InternetworksLocal Area NetworksNetworks infrastructures can vary greatly in terms of:The size of the area coveredThe number of users connectedThe number and types of services availableAn individual network usually spans a single geogr…

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OSI and TCP/IP Model

<b>The Open Systems Interconnection reference model is a layered, abstract representation created as a guideline for network protocol design</b>. The OSI model divides the networking process into seven logical layers, each of which has unique functionality and to which are assigned specific services and protocols.<br /><br /> Figure below depict the seven layers of OSI Model<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRp43iXJehVqcbogr91_qo_MKMTmYNV3BwgIZZhgROGg4-Fl5rXNk9Vx2nSbW7wOWrZcpbdCFc6Vwqqm12WxmYgP_Cbl4xeq8LuHy7ZNEMIw4zpGAGrEx_U3jq2GOmFADp5gyf831DGO9k/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRp43iXJehVqcbogr91_qo_MKMTmYNV3BwgIZZhgROGg4-Fl5rXNk9Vx2nSbW7wOWrZcpbdCFc6Vwqqm12WxmYgP_Cbl4xeq8LuHy7ZNEMIw4zpGAGrEx_U3jq2GOmFADp5gyf831DGO9k/s1600/Capture.PNG" width="320" /></a></div>In this model, information is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the <b>Application layer on the transmitting host, proceeding down the hierarchy to the Physical layer, then passing over the communications channel to the destination host, where the information proceeds back up the hierarchy, ending at the Application layer.</b><br /><br />The Application layer, <b>Layer seven</b>, is the top layer of both the OSI and TCP/IP models. It is the layer that provides the interface between the applications we use to communicate and the underlying network over which our messages are transmitted. Application layer protocols are used to exchange data between programs running on the source and destination hosts. There are many Application layer protocols and new protocols are always being developed.<br /><br />

Networking OSI and TCP/IP Model

The Open Systems Interconnection reference model is a layered, abstract representation created as a guideline for network protocol design. The OSI model divides the networking process into seven logical layers, each of which has unique functionality …

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