Steps for complete communication process

The Communication Process<br /><br />The TCP/IP model describes the functionality of the protocols that make up the TCP/IP protocol suite. These protocols, which are implemented on both the sending and receiving hosts, interact to provide end-to-end delivery of applications over a network.<br /><b><br />A complete communication process includes these steps:</b><br /><br />1. Creation of data at the Application layer of the originating source end device<br /><br />2. Segmentation and encapsulation of data as it passes down the protocol stack in the source end device <br /><br />3. Generation of the data onto the media at the Network Access layer of the stack<br /><br />4. Transportation of the data through the internetwork, which consists of media and any intermediary devices<br /><br />5. Reception of the data at the Network Access layer of the destination end device <br /><br />6. Decapsulation and reassembly of the data as it passes up the stack in the destination device <br /><br />7. Passing this data to the destination application at the Application layer of the destination end device<br /><br />See the diagram below<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrCCQ_bfAKrfVZPl5JgBaox4NUIW1MNNL4E7LNpSaFXnXeOaelU_Bpdai0Pd9u-tJhy2Eoe-n-hNK6DptYTChwtSxYtdcc9vhPrwZIJAdAkwgREyaw1_ZsTZ9zUGleyF-LydicEdiCtYw2/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrCCQ_bfAKrfVZPl5JgBaox4NUIW1MNNL4E7LNpSaFXnXeOaelU_Bpdai0Pd9u-tJhy2Eoe-n-hNK6DptYTChwtSxYtdcc9vhPrwZIJAdAkwgREyaw1_ZsTZ9zUGleyF-LydicEdiCtYw2/s1600/Capture.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br />

Networking Steps for complete communication process

The Communication Process The TCP/IP model describes the functionality of the protocols that make up the TCP/IP protocol suite. These protoc...

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The TCP/IP Model

The TCP/IP Model<br /><br />The first layered protocol model for internetwork communications was created in the early 1970s and is referred to as the Internet model. It defines four categories of functions that must occur for communications to be successful. The architecture of the TCP/IP protocol suite follows the structure of this model. Because of this, the Internet model is commonly referred to as the TCP/IP model. <br /><br />Most protocol models describe a vendor-specific protocol stack. However, since the TCP/IP model is an open standard, one company does not control the definition of the model. The definitions of the standard and the TCP/IP protocols are discussed in a public forum and defined in a publicly-available set of documents. These documents are called Requests for Comments (RFCs). They contain both the formal specification of data communications protocols and resources that describe the use of the protocols. <br /><br />The RFCs also contain technical and organizational documents about the Internet, including the technical specifications and policy documents produced by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).<br /><br /><br />Diagram for TCP/IP Model<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiywRgdRfKhUTgWytcdjuKSY6-Wu9KbovEPdrXqFH_zWKbOL9uePn8U4upuMvmVI5CgjOOJZO_okuBw7Bc1vFs3pvMYE0yNzeMuequ9JXYHERInYtm8Vef7U_KHOgDDQPQaiFTFUAedLS4t/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiywRgdRfKhUTgWytcdjuKSY6-Wu9KbovEPdrXqFH_zWKbOL9uePn8U4upuMvmVI5CgjOOJZO_okuBw7Bc1vFs3pvMYE0yNzeMuequ9JXYHERInYtm8Vef7U_KHOgDDQPQaiFTFUAedLS4t/s1600/Capture.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br />

Networking The TCP/IP Model

The TCP/IP Model The first layered protocol model for internetwork communications was created in the early 1970s and is referred to as the I...

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The Benefit of Using a Layered Model

<b>The Benefit of Using a Layered Model</b><br /><br />To visualize the interaction between various protocols, it is common to use a layered model. A layered model depicts the operation of the protocols occurring within each layer, as well as the interaction with the layers above and below it.<br /><br />There are benefits to using a layered model to describe network protocols and operations. Using a layered model:<br /><ul><li>Assists in protocol design, because protocols that operate at a specific layer have defined information that they act upon and a defined interface to the layers above and below. </li><li>Fosters competition because products from different vendors can work together. </li><li>Prevents technology or capability changes in one layer from affecting other layers above and below. </li><li>Provides a common language to describe networking functions and capabilities. </li></ul>Diagram below OSI and TCP/IP Layered model<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg8YlItNl-2yJr95whDizBf4jOqcVH8b6XHfAWadbXJBDAPSVkpEs_br35NVI7qh6knmx5V47cZ9zauhzp2pYShZclFVnBXDsTwzRclYYI7ahtmCFhNkvHv9gadICcMKVcTOytltgvxe6d/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg8YlItNl-2yJr95whDizBf4jOqcVH8b6XHfAWadbXJBDAPSVkpEs_br35NVI7qh6knmx5V47cZ9zauhzp2pYShZclFVnBXDsTwzRclYYI7ahtmCFhNkvHv9gadICcMKVcTOytltgvxe6d/s1600/Capture.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br />

Networking The Benefit of Using a Layered Model

The Benefit of Using a Layered Model To visualize the interaction between various protocols, it is common to use a layered model. A layered ...

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The Interaction of Protocols

<b>The Interaction of Protocols</b><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheqrRM_RCVwqLlfBDaD6EPF40q6vJHrZZviQ0yXscJv0YUu046aHi7uSeGdVxDYqX_ixOCPcbX8Yprg-arFVZfygp6nRp627yXwRjajCZbUExYv0BVUpx6o5ZnHjsgVYI0duyUC1_XJyUD/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheqrRM_RCVwqLlfBDaD6EPF40q6vJHrZZviQ0yXscJv0YUu046aHi7uSeGdVxDYqX_ixOCPcbX8Yprg-arFVZfygp6nRp627yXwRjajCZbUExYv0BVUpx6o5ZnHjsgVYI0duyUC1_XJyUD/s1600/Capture.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br />An example of the use of a protocol suite in network communications is the interaction between a web server and a web browser. This interaction uses a number of protocols and standards in the process of exchanging information between them. The different protocols work together to ensure that the messages are received and understood by both parties. Examples of these protocols are:<br /><br /><b>Application Protocol:</b><br /><br /><b>Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP</b>) is a common protocol that governs the way that a web server and a web client interact. HTTP defines the content and formatting of the requests and responses exchanged between the client and server. Both the client and the web server software implement HTTP as part of the application. The HTTP protocol relies on other protocols to govern how the messages are transported between client and server<br /><br /><b>Transport Protocol: </b><br /><br /><b>Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)</b> is the transport protocol that manages the individual conversations between web servers and web clients. TCP divides the HTTP messages into smaller pieces, called segments, to be sent to the destination client. It is also responsible for controlling the size and rate at which messages are exchanged between the server and the client. <br /><b><br />Internetwork Protocol: </b><br /><br />The most common internetwork protocol is<b> Internet Protocol (IP)</b>. IP is responsible for taking the formatted segments from TCP, encapsulating them into packets, assigning the appropriate addresses, and selecting the best path to the destination host.<br /><b><br />Network Access Protocols:</b><br /><br />Network access protocols describe two primary functions, data link management and the physical transmission of data on the media. Data-link management protocols take the packets from IP and format them to be transmitted over the media. The standards and protocols for the physical media govern how the signals are sent over the media and how they are interpreted by the receiving clients. Transceivers on the network interface cards implement the appropriate standards for the media that is being used.<br /><br />

Networking The Interaction of Protocols

The Interaction of Protocols An example of the use of a protocol suite in network communications is the interaction between a web server and...

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Rules that Govern Communications

<b>Rules that Govern Communications</b><br /><br />All communication, whether face-to-face or over a network, is governed by predetermined rules called protocols. These protocols are specific to the characteristics of the conversation. In our day-to-day personal communication, the rules we use to communicate over one medium, like a telephone call, are not necessarily the same as the protocols for using another medium, such as sending a letter.<br /><br />Think of how many different rules or protocols govern all the different methods of communication that exist in the world today. <br /><br />Successful communication between hosts on a network requires the interaction of many different protocols. A group of inter-related protocols that are necessary to perform a communication function is called a<b> protocol suite</b>. These protocols are implemented in software and hardware that is loaded on each host and network device.<br /><br />One of the best ways to visualize how all of the protocols interact on a particular host is to view it as a stack. A protocol stack shows how the individual protocols within the suite are implemented on the host. The protocols are viewed as a layered hierarchy, with each higher level service depending on the functionality defined by the protocols shown in the lower levels. The lower layers of the stack are concerned with moving data over the network and providing services to the upper layers, which are focused on the content of the message being sent and the user interface.<br /><br /><b>Using layers to describe face-to-face communication</b><br /><br />For example, consider two people communicating face-to-face. As the figure shows, we can use three layers to describe this activity. At the bottom layer, the Physical layer, we have two people, each with a voice that can utter words aloud. At the second layer, the Rules layer, we have an agreement to speak in a common language. At the top layer, the Content layer, we have the words actually spoken-the content of the communication.<br /><br />Were we to witness this conversation, we would not actually see "layers" floating in space. It is important to understand that the use of layers is a model and, as such, it provides a way to conveniently break a complex task into parts and describe how they work.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnGcRBTQsxzTYmUXBWHtFaxZHZGnJ0u5o-1dgG6VU3ZEbKZgSMzsk88FqkqT6cUa_7GYnTyyrbBZadE4oz9854fSKUtlCUvFONwSRFyY9MkHnuX1LW7XRqZLsWUDYHlK4Rag4O_NlS9Flq/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnGcRBTQsxzTYmUXBWHtFaxZHZGnJ0u5o-1dgG6VU3ZEbKZgSMzsk88FqkqT6cUa_7GYnTyyrbBZadE4oz9854fSKUtlCUvFONwSRFyY9MkHnuX1LW7XRqZLsWUDYHlK4Rag4O_NlS9Flq/s1600/Capture.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><b><br />Network Protocols</b><br /><br />At the human level, some communication rules are formal and others are simply understood, or implicit, based on custom and practice. For devices to successfully communicate, a network protocol suite must describe precise requirements and interactions. <br /><br />Networking protocol suites describe processes such as:<br /><ul><li>The format or structure of the message</li><li>The method by which networking devices share information about pathways with other networks</li><li>How and when error and system messages are passed between devices</li><li>The setup and termination of data transfer sessions</li></ul><br />Individual protocols in a protocol suite may be vendor-specific and proprietary. Proprietary, in this context, means that one company or vendor controls the definition of the protocol and how it functions. Some proprietary protocols can be used by different organizations with permission from the owner. Others can only be implemented on equipment manufactured by the proprietary vendor.<br /><br />

Networking Rules that Govern Communications

Rules that Govern Communications All communication, whether face-to-face or over a network, is governed by predetermined rules called protoc...

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LANs,WANs, and Internetworks

<b>LANs,WANs, and Internetworks</b><br /><br /><b>Local Area Networks</b><br /><br />Networks infrastructures can vary greatly in terms of:<br /><ul><li>The size of the area covered</li><li>The number of users connected</li><li>The number and types of services available</li></ul><br />An individual network usually spans a single geographical area, providing services and applications to people within a common organizational structure, such as a single business, campus or region. This type of network is called a<b> Local Area Network</b> (LAN). A LAN is usually administered by a single organization. The administrative control that governs the security and access control policies are enforced on the network level. <br /><br />figure below demonstrate LAN architecture<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj76oe38xHe6NtqpRSwl7usZrD_yQsHoglVpouzea-OubTJP6g6gOYtiWh3YElVY_o15EvAq0MwlXL-xG2a7-AuIwWt8v1j5Z_m5-iVnWhx3ZJ7z8r7QhKJbkORnQjI1wxXUe0JD5flSRYx/s1600/lan.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj76oe38xHe6NtqpRSwl7usZrD_yQsHoglVpouzea-OubTJP6g6gOYtiWh3YElVY_o15EvAq0MwlXL-xG2a7-AuIwWt8v1j5Z_m5-iVnWhx3ZJ7z8r7QhKJbkORnQjI1wxXUe0JD5flSRYx/s320/lan.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><b>Wide Area Network</b><br /><br />When a company or organization has locations that are separated by large geographical distances, it may be necessary to use a telecommunications service provider (TSP) to interconnect the LANs at the different locations. Telecommunications service providers operate large regional networks that can span long distances. Traditionally, TSPs transported voice and data communications on separate networks. Increasingly, these providers are offering converged information network services to their subscribers. <br /><br />Individual organizations usually lease connections through a telecommunications service provider network. These networks that connect LANs in geographically separated locations are referred to as Wide Area Networks (WANs). Although the organization maintains all of the policies and administration of the LANs at both ends of the connection, the policies within the communications service provider network are controlled by the TSP. <br /><br />WANs use specifically designed network devices to make the interconnections between LANs. Because of the importance of these devices to the network, configuring, installing and maintaining these devices are skills that are integral to the function of an organization's network.<br /><br />LANs and WANs are very useful to individual organizations. They connect the users within the organization. They allow many forms of communication including exchange e-mails, corporate training, and other resource sharing.<br /><br />figure below demonstrate WAN architecture<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5XT1Tv3062uKf71_VTxuoKYPzDuorEZF9QMvRyyhFYDVbHBLkj3AvxJBdsPhgWuDmpbUxK_10ZUHpBJB9gp6jbKM0Fgdasx5InktB7spqSsE3njJftps5FLz-tmpQ_dfBTFz5EwnvPjfV/s1600/wan.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5XT1Tv3062uKf71_VTxuoKYPzDuorEZF9QMvRyyhFYDVbHBLkj3AvxJBdsPhgWuDmpbUxK_10ZUHpBJB9gp6jbKM0Fgdasx5InktB7spqSsE3njJftps5FLz-tmpQ_dfBTFz5EwnvPjfV/s320/wan.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br />The Internet-A Network of Networks<br />Although there are benefits to using a LAN or WAN, most of us need to communicate with a resource on another network, outside of our local organization.<br /><br />Examples of this type of communication include:<br /><ul><li>Sending an e-mail to a friend in another country</li><li>Accessing news or products on a website </li><li>Getting a file from a neighbor's computer </li><li>Instant messaging with a relative in another city </li><li>Following a favorite sporting team's performance on a cell phone</li></ul><br /><b>Internetwork</b><br /><br />A global mesh of interconnected networks (internetworks) meets these human communication needs. Some of these interconnected networks are owned by large public and private organizations, such as government agencies or industrial enterprises, and are reserved for their exclusive use. The most well-known and widely used publicly-accessible internetwork is the Internet. <br /><br />The Internet is created by the interconnection of networks belonging to Internet Service Providers (ISPs). These ISP networks connect to each other to provide access for millions of users all over the world. Ensuring effective communication across this diverse infrastructure requires the application of consistent and commonly recognized technologies and protocols as well as the cooperation of many network administration agencies.<br /><b><br />Intranet</b><br /><br />The term intranet is often used to refer to a private connection of LANs and WANs that belongs to an organization, and is designed to be accessible only by the organization's members, employees, or others with authorization.<br /><br />Note: The following terms may be interchangeable: internetwork, data network, and network. A connection of two or more data networks forms an internetwork - a network of networks. It is also common to refer to an internetwork as a data network - or simply as a network - when considering communications at a high level. The usage of terms depends on the context at the time and terms may often be interchanged.<br /><br />figure below demonstrate Internet architecture<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1yeKAVUdwuBXzgn5243VAy2Z_-D8GAPL0Xb3BoEaOGTR0eSvHf7FL9ctWVqoBNZ-WgqDGhM0XAQsiMqp2ifDhjtiPzvypE5wi8a_TsFcTnfZ5zRg03mkHJVTNPOtcFOhyphenhyphen5jRnrz-IiRim/s1600/internet.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1yeKAVUdwuBXzgn5243VAy2Z_-D8GAPL0Xb3BoEaOGTR0eSvHf7FL9ctWVqoBNZ-WgqDGhM0XAQsiMqp2ifDhjtiPzvypE5wi8a_TsFcTnfZ5zRg03mkHJVTNPOtcFOhyphenhyphen5jRnrz-IiRim/s320/internet.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br />

Networking LANs,WANs, and Internetworks

LANs,WANs, and Internetworks Local Area Networks Networks infrastructures can vary greatly in terms of: The size of the area covered The num...

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OSI and TCP/IP Model

<b>The Open Systems Interconnection reference model is a layered, abstract representation created as a guideline for network protocol design</b>. The OSI model divides the networking process into seven logical layers, each of which has unique functionality and to which are assigned specific services and protocols.<br /><br /> Figure below depict the seven layers of OSI Model<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRp43iXJehVqcbogr91_qo_MKMTmYNV3BwgIZZhgROGg4-Fl5rXNk9Vx2nSbW7wOWrZcpbdCFc6Vwqqm12WxmYgP_Cbl4xeq8LuHy7ZNEMIw4zpGAGrEx_U3jq2GOmFADp5gyf831DGO9k/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRp43iXJehVqcbogr91_qo_MKMTmYNV3BwgIZZhgROGg4-Fl5rXNk9Vx2nSbW7wOWrZcpbdCFc6Vwqqm12WxmYgP_Cbl4xeq8LuHy7ZNEMIw4zpGAGrEx_U3jq2GOmFADp5gyf831DGO9k/s1600/Capture.PNG" width="320" /></a></div>In this model, information is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the <b>Application layer on the transmitting host, proceeding down the hierarchy to the Physical layer, then passing over the communications channel to the destination host, where the information proceeds back up the hierarchy, ending at the Application layer.</b><br /><br />The Application layer, <b>Layer seven</b>, is the top layer of both the OSI and TCP/IP models. It is the layer that provides the interface between the applications we use to communicate and the underlying network over which our messages are transmitted. Application layer protocols are used to exchange data between programs running on the source and destination hosts. There are many Application layer protocols and new protocols are always being developed.<br /><br />

Networking OSI and TCP/IP Model

The Open Systems Interconnection reference model is a layered, abstract representation created as a guideline for network protocol design . ...

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Five Reasons to Go Wireless

<div style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px;">Every minute counts in a small company and wireless networks are a powerful tool for boosting productivity and encouraging information sharing. With untethered access to documents, emails, applications and other network resources, employees can roam where they need to and have constant access to the tools required to do their jobs.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px;">Here are some of the ways businesses are taking advantage of wireless LANs:</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px;">      </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2h16LbPTkpVJEu046VsR54sSns3vzFtuTBSwJwUP_AxRoLiCssrD7j8ugG_RpP_cQQTx3dohGVZlggMY1d7Wuo-dveFB7NmSYNFztnvSgOBmCpwcyhm8_sC7r4UjsKk4bi289ahU3U3x1/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2h16LbPTkpVJEu046VsR54sSns3vzFtuTBSwJwUP_AxRoLiCssrD7j8ugG_RpP_cQQTx3dohGVZlggMY1d7Wuo-dveFB7NmSYNFztnvSgOBmCpwcyhm8_sC7r4UjsKk4bi289ahU3U3x1/s1600/download.jpg" /></a></div><h3 style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.4249992370605px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;">Increased mobility and collaboration</h3><ul style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 8px 12px; padding: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 14.1599998474121px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px;">Roam without losing your connection</li><li style="line-height: 14.1599998474121px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px;">Work together more effectively</li></ul><div style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px;">Employees who use your wireless LAN can roam around your office or to different floors without losing their connection. Imagine everyone in a team meeting or in small conferences having access to up-to-the minute communications, and all documents and applications on your network. Similarly, using Voice over Wireless LAN technology, they can have roaming capabilities in their voice communications.</div><h3 style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.4249992370605px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;">Improved responsiveness</h3><ul style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 8px 12px; padding: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 14.1599998474121px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px;">Connect to the information you need when you need it</li><li style="line-height: 14.1599998474121px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px;">Provide better customer servic</li></ul><div style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px;">Customers want quick response to queries and concerns. A wireless network can improve customer service by connecting staff to the information they need. For example, a doctor in a small medical office can access online patient files while moving between exam rooms, or a retail sales person can check on available inventory necessary to write up orders on the showroom floor.</div><h3 style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.4249992370605px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;">Better access to information</h3><ul style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 8px 12px; padding: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 14.1599998474121px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px;">Connect hard-to-reach areas</li><li style="line-height: 14.1599998474121px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px;">Improve your processes</li></ul><div style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px;">Wireless LANs allow a business to bring network access to areas that would be difficult to connect to a wired network. For example, adding wireless access points to a warehouse can make it easier to check and manage inventory, providing the company with accurate inventory figures in real time.</div><h3 style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.4249992370605px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;">Easier network expansion</h3><ul style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 8px 12px; padding: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 14.1599998474121px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px;">Add users quickly</li><li style="line-height: 14.1599998474121px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px;">Grow your network cost-effectively</li></ul><div style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px;">Companies that need to add employees or reconfigure offices frequently will immediately benefit from the flexibility wireless LANs provide. Desks can be moved and new employees can be added to the network without the effort and cost required to run cables and wires.</div><h3 style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.4249992370605px; margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px;">Enhanced guest access</h3><ul style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 8px 12px; padding: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 14.1599998474121px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px;">Give secure network access to customers and business partners</li><li style="line-height: 14.1599998474121px; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px;">Offer a value-added service</li></ul><div style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding: 0px;">A wireless network allows your business to provide secure wireless access to the Internet for guests such as customers or business partners. Retailers, restaurants, hotels and other public-facing businesses can provide this as a unique value-added service.</div>

Networking Five Reasons to Go Wireless

Every minute counts in a small company and wireless networks are a powerful tool for boosting productivity and encouraging information shari...

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Unshielded Tiwisted Pair (UTP) Cable

<b>Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable</b><br /><br /><b>UTP Cable Types</b><br /><br /><b>UTP</b> cabling, terminated with <b>RJ-45</b> connectors, is a common copper-based medium for interconnecting network devices, such as computers, with intermediate devices, such as routers and network switches.<br /><br />Different situations may require<b> UTP</b> cables to be wired according to different wiring conventions. This means that the individual wires in the cable have to be connected in different orders to different sets of pins in the RJ-45 connectors. The following are main cable types that are obtained by using specific wiring conventions:<br /><ul><li>Ethernet Straight-through</li><li>Ethernet Crossover</li><li>Rollover</li></ul><br />The figure shows the typical application of these cables as well as a comparison of these three cable types.<br /><br />       <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPF0WItlAqODQFZwF6QF3aJigbwD453gRPe8qthjbswGvV_OdGguhkDahB6HA4Kn_R_ChVu3WfBPvyTJMwR4p_ikjKF5gzuJzAPCyu_AUt2GFRSmIFILJohyv0e1EYniWro6HsNVwq-FZm/s1600/cable+type.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPF0WItlAqODQFZwF6QF3aJigbwD453gRPe8qthjbswGvV_OdGguhkDahB6HA4Kn_R_ChVu3WfBPvyTJMwR4p_ikjKF5gzuJzAPCyu_AUt2GFRSmIFILJohyv0e1EYniWro6HsNVwq-FZm/s1600/cable+type.PNG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Using a crossover or straight-through cable incorrectly between devices may not damage the devices, but connectivity and communication between the devices will not take place. This is a common error in the lab and checking that the device connections are correct should be the first troubleshooting action if connectivity is not achieved.<br /><br /><br />Other Coper Cable<br />Two other types of copper cable are used: <br /><br />1. Coaxial<br /><br />2. Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)<br /><br /><b>Coaxial Cable</b><br /><br />Coaxial cable consists of a copper conductor surrounded by a layer of flexible insulation, as shown in the figure.<br /><br />Over this insulating material is a woven copper braid, or metallic foil, that acts as the second wire in the circuit and as a shield for the inner conductor. This second layer, or shield, also reduces the amount of outside electromagnetic interference. Covering the shield is the cable jacket. <br /><br />All the elements of the coaxial cable encircle the center conductor. Because they all share the same axis, this construction is called coaxial, or coax for short.<br /><br /><b>Uses of Coaxial Cable</b><br /><br />The coaxial cable design has been adapted for different purposes. Coax is an important type of cable that is used in wireless and cable access technologies. Coax cables are used to attach antennas to wireless devices. The coaxial cable carries radio frequency (RF) energy between the antennas and the radio equipment. <br /><br />Coax is also the most widely used media for transporting high radio frequency <br />signals over wire, especially cable television signals. Traditional cable television, exclusively transmitting in one direction, was composed completely of coax cable. <br /><br />Cable service providers are currently converting their one-way systems to two-way systems to provide Internet connectivity to their customers. To provide these services, portions of the coaxial cable and supporting amplification elements are replaced with multi-fiber-optic cable. However, the final connection to the customer's location and the wiring inside the customer's premises is still coax cable. This combined use of fiber and coax is referred to as hybrid fiber coax (HFC).<br /><br />In the past, coaxial cable was used in Ethernet installations. Today UTP offers lower costs and higher bandwidth than coaxial and has replaced it as the standard for all Ethernet installations.<br /><br />There are different types of connectors used with coax cable. The figure shows some of these connector types.<br /><br />

Networking Unshielded Tiwisted Pair (UTP) Cable

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable UTP Cable Types UTP cabling, terminated with RJ-45 connectors, is a common copper-based medium for int...

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UNDERSTAND THE FOLLOWING TERMS IN NETWORKING

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY0mRhKPXY7LQpYIuc9D8z4BlyrUAn0EdOn0G9yADHANoUMHBIWQTRndUzCxspYbrAdGDKskp9SxWXpzgSe7Zm1ErocU1Im4kseMGnDhcIOBcHlXOeeD81o4XyXnVK7EFb6P2DTBxYHNbL/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY0mRhKPXY7LQpYIuc9D8z4BlyrUAn0EdOn0G9yADHANoUMHBIWQTRndUzCxspYbrAdGDKskp9SxWXpzgSe7Zm1ErocU1Im4kseMGnDhcIOBcHlXOeeD81o4XyXnVK7EFb6P2DTBxYHNbL/s1600/Capture.PNG" width="252" /></a></div><b>UNDERSTAND THE FOLLOWING TERMS IN NETWORKING</b><br /><br /><br />The existence and broad adoption of the Internet has ushered in new forms of communication that empower individuals to create information that can be accessed by a global audience.<br /><br /><b>Instant Messaging</b><br /><br />Instant messaging (IM) is a form of real-time communication between two or more people based on typed text. The text is conveyed via computers connected over either a private internal network or over a public network, such as the Internet. Developed from earlier Internet Relay Chat (IRC) services, IM also incorporates features such as file transfer, voice, and video communication. Like e-mail, IM sends a written record of the communication. However, whereas transmission of e-mail messages is sometimes delayed, IM messages are received immediately. The form of communication that IM uses is called real-time communication.<br /><br /><b>Weblogs (blogs)</b><br /><br />Weblogs are web pages that are easy to update and edit. Unlike commercial websites, which are created by professional communications experts, blogs give anyone a means to communicate their thoughts to a global audience without technical knowledge of web design. There are blogs on nearly every topic one can think of, and communities of people often form around popular blog authors.<br /><br /><b>Wikis</b><br /><br />Wikis are web pages that groups of people can edit and view together. Whereas a blog is more of an individual, personal journal, a wiki is a group creation. As such, it may be subject to more extensive review and editing. Like blogs, wikis can be created in stages, and by anyone, without the sponsorship of a major commercial enterprise. There is a public wiki, called Wikipedia, that is becoming a comprehensive resource - an online encyclopedia - of publicly-contributed topics. Private organizations and individuals can also build their own wikis to capture collected knowledge on a particular subject. Many businesses use wikis as their internal collaboration tool. With the global Internet, people of all walks of life can participate in wikis and add their own perspectives and knowledge to a shared resource.<br /><br /><b>Podcasting</b><br /><br />Podcasting is an audio-based medium that originally enabled people to record audio and convert it for use with iPods - a small, portable device for audio playback manufactured by Apple. The ability to record audio and save it to a computer file is not new. However, podcasting allows people to deliver their recordings to a wide audience. The audio file is placed on a website (or blog or wiki) where others can download it and play the recording on their computers, laptops, and iPods.<br /><br /><b>Collaboration Tools</b><br /><br />Collaboration tools give people the opportunity to work together on shared documents. Without the constraints of location or time zone, individuals connected to a shared system can speak to each other, share text and graphics, and edit documents together. With collaboration tools always available, organizations can move quickly to share information and pursue goals. The broad distribution of data networks means that people in remote locations can contribute on an equal basis with people at the heart of large population centers.<br /><br />

Networking UNDERSTAND THE FOLLOWING TERMS IN NETWORKING

UNDERSTAND THE FOLLOWING TERMS IN NETWORKING The existence and broad adoption of the Internet has ushered in new forms of communication that...

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